2 RCNY § 3-02
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RULES OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
TITLE 2: BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRUCTION*
2 RCNY § 3-02
§ 3-02 Alteration, Repair, Excavation for and Demolition of Buildings.*
(a) Scope. These rules shall be applicable to all structures or any parts thereof coming within the purview of the Administrative Building Code and the Labor Law and shall include scaffolding, hoists, ladders, derricks and other equipment as may be used in the erection, alteration, repair, excavation for or demolition of a structure or any part thereof.
(b) Enforcement. The enforcement of these rules shall be by the agencies of the City of New York, having jurisdiction.
Where the terms "Commissioner," "Superintendent" or "Department" occur in these rules, they are intended to refer to the Department of Buildings, unless specifically designated otherwise.
(c) Permits and notices thereof. Permits for the erection or alteration of a structure or any part thereof shall meet the requirements of § C26-161.0, for the removal or repair of a structure or any part thereof, § C26-193.0, and for demolition of any structure or part thereof, § C26-168.0.
(d) Definitions.
Alteration (§ C26-11.0). The term "alteration," as applied to a building or structure, shall mean any change or rearrangement in the structural parts or existing facilities of any such building or structure, or any enlargement thereof, whether by extension on any side or by any increase in height, or the moving of such building or structure from one location or position to another.
Approved. The term "approved" shall mean any material device or method of construction as may be approved by the Board. See § C26-14.0.
Bearer. The term "bearer" shall mean a scaffold member upon which the platform rests and which is supported by ledgers.
Board. The term "Board" shall mean the Board of Standards and Appeals of The City of New York. See § C26-25.0.
Boatswain's Chair. The term "boatswain's chair" shall mean a seat supported by rope slings attached to a suspension rope and designed to accommodate one workman in a sitting position.
Construction (§ C26-41.0). The term "construction" shall mean and include alterations, repairs and operations incidental to construction. The foregoing definition is taken from the Administrative Building Code, but for the purposes of these rules, construction shall be further defined as erection, alteration, repair, renovation or demolition of any building or structure and any excavation work in connection therewith.
Construction Site. The term "construction site" shall mean that area within which construction operations are performed and shall include contiguous areas affected by the construction.
Curb (§ C26-45.0).
(i) The term "curb," when used in defining the height of a structure, shall mean the legally established level on the curb in front of the structure, measured at the center of such front. When a building faces on more than one street, the term "curb" shall mean the average of the legally established level of the curbs at the center of each front.
(ii) The term "curb," when used in fixing the depth of an excavation, shall mean the legal curb level at the nearest point of that curb which is nearest to the point of the excavation in question.
Curb Levels (§ C26-45.1). Where no curb has been established, a curb level shall be established by the agency empowered to fix curb levels.
§ C26-45.2. When an open unoccupied space in front of any multiple dwelling is above the curb level, and also extends along the entire street lot line on any street and is not less than five feet in depth, the level of such open unoccupied space shall be considered the curb level, provided it is not more than three feet above the level of the established curb in front of the building measured at the center of such front.
Legal Curb Level (§ C26-89.0). The term "legal curb level" shall mean the curb level established by the borough president for Class 4 residence structures. See § C26-254.0i.
Demolition. The term "demolition" applied to a building or structure mean the taking down or razing of the structure to any level.
Elevator (§ C26-60.O).
(i) The term "elevator" shall mean a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a cab or platform which moves in guides in a substantially vertical direction.
(ii) The term "elevator" shall exclude dumbwaiters, hoists, endless belts, conveyors, chains, buckets and similar machines used for the purpose of elevating materials, and tiering or piling machines.
Equipment. The term "equipment" shall mean all types of construction machinery, including tools, derricks, hoists, elevators and other material handling equipment, scaffolds, platforms, runways, ladders and all similar equipment, safeguards, protective devices as may be used in construction operations.
Erection. The term "erection" shall mean the construction of any structure.
Guard Rail or Railing. "Guard rail or railing" shall mean a guard rail or railing complying with the requirements of § 3-02(j)(13) of these rules.
Hoist. The term "hoist" shall mean a hand or power-operated device capable of raising or lowering a platform, cage, bucket, sling or hook.
Horse. The term "horse" shall mean an assembly consisting of a bearer with four or more legs fastened and braced thereto in a manner to provide a rigid, stable and portable support for working platforms.
Inspection. The term "inspection" shall mean inspection by the borough superintendent, unless specifically designated otherwise herein.
Ladder. The term "ladder" shall mean an item of equipment designed to provide means of ascending or descending and consisting of side rails joined at suitable equal intervals by cross pieces called rungs, cleats or treads.
(i) Cleat Ladder. The term "cleat ladder" shall mean a one-section ladder having steps formed of cleats housed into the narrow face of the side rails.
(ii) Construction or Builder's Ladder. The term "construction or builder's ladder" shall mean a single or straight ladder consisting of but one section.
(iii) Crawling Board or Chicken Ladder. The term "crawling board or chicken ladder" shall mean a single plank or board to which cleats are nailed at proper intervals.
(iv) Extension Ladder. The term "extension ladder" shall mean a ladder of two or more sections traveling in guides or brackets, which are so arranged that the ladder may be adjustable to various lengths.
(v) Extension Trestle Ladder. The term "extension trestle ladder" shall mean a ladder consisting of a trestle ladder with an additional single ladder section having parallel sides, which is fastened to the top of the trestle ladder but which can be adjusted to various heights.
(vi) Sectional Ladder. The term "sectional ladder" shall mean a ladder consisting of two or more sections so constructed that the sections can be combined end to end so as to function as a single ladder.
(vii) Single Ladder. The term "single ladder" shall mean a ladder of but one section, the side rails of which may be constructed so as to be parallel or so constructed as to have a wider spread at the bottom.
(viii) Step-ladder. The term "step-ladder" shall mean a ladder with wide flat steps secured to the side rails and constructed with a hinged section so as to be self-supporting.
(ix) Trestle Ladder. The term "trestle ladder" shall mean a ladder consisting of two similar single ladder sections hinged together at the top and which, when used with the sections spread, is self-supporting.
Ledger. The term "ledger" shall mean the scaffold member which extends from post to post and which supports the put-logs or bearers and forms a tie between the posts.
Put-Log. The term "put-log" shall mean the scaffold member of a single pole scaffold, which is supported at one end by a ledger and at the other end by the wall and is used for supporting the platform.
Ramp. The term "ramp" shall mean an inclined runway.
Repair. The term "repair" as applied to a building or structure shall mean the replacing of parts of said structure damaged or defective or requiring removal and replacement for any cause.
Roofing Bracket. The term "roofing bracket" shall mean a bracket used in sloped roof construction, having sharp points or provisions for nailing to prevent slipping or which is supported by ropes passing over the ridge and secured to a permanent object.
Runway. The term "runway" shall mean an aisle or walkway constructed or maintained as a passageway.
Scaffold. The term "scaffold" shall mean any elevated platform used for supporting workmen, material or both.
(i) Bricklayer's Square Scaffold. The term "bricklayer's square scaffold" shall mean a scaffold, the platform of which is composed of planks supported on built-up squares, secured to each other by diagonal bracing.
(ii) Carpenter's Bracket Scaffold. The term "carpenter's bracket scaffold" shall mean a scaffold the platform of which is composed of planks supported in triangular shaped brackets firmly secured to the side of the building.
(iii) Heavy Duty Scaffold. The term "heavy duty scaffold" shall mean a scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load of seventy-five (75) pounds per square foot, such as intended for the use of stone masons or other similar trades, which supports in addition to the workmen a supply of heavy building material.
(iv) Horse Scaffold. The term "horse scaffold" shall mean a scaffold the platform of which is supported by horses as defined in § 3-02(d) "Horse."
(v) Independent Pole Scaffold. The term "independent pole scaffold" shall mean a scaffold supported from the base of a double row of uprights, independent of support from the walls, and constructed of uprights, ledgers, horizontal bearers, etc.
(vi) Ladder Jack Scaffold. The term "ladder jack scaffold" shall mean a scaffold the platform of which is supported by appropriately designed brackets or jacks attached to the side rails of ladders.
(vii) Light Duty Scaffold. The term "light duty scaffold" shall mean a scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load of twenty-five (25) pounds per square foot, such as intended for the use of carpenters, painters or others of similar trades, which supports no load other than the workmen and a minimum amount of lightweight material.
(viii) Needle Beam Scaffold or Riveter's Scaffold. The term "needle beam scaffold or riveter's scaffold" shall mean a scaffold consisting of a plank platform supported by parallel horizontal beams which are supported by and swung on ropes.
(ix) Outrigger Scaffold. The term "outrigger scaffold" shall mean a scaffold the platform of which is supported by outriggers projecting from the walls of the building with the inner end of the outrigger anchored within the building.
(x) Regular Duty Scaffold. The term "regular duty scaffold" shall mean a scaffold such as designed for the use of bricklayers, plasterers or others of similar trades, which supports in addition to workmen a moderate amount of material.
(xi) Single Pole Scaffold. The term "single pole scaffold" shall mean a scaffold supported from the base with but one row of uprights located at the outer edge of the platform. The platform is supported by cross beams or put-logs, the outer ends of which are supported on ledgers secured to the uprights and the inner ends are anchored in or on the wall.
(xii) Suspended Scaffold. The term "suspended scaffold" shall mean a scaffold, the platform of which is supported from above at more than two points by wire cables or suspended from overhead outriggers which are securely anchored to the frame of the structure, and which platform is raised or lowered by the use of hoisting devices located on the outriggers or on the platform.
(xiii) Swinging Scaffold. The term "swinging scaffold" shall mean a scaffold, the platform of which is supported by stirrups or hangers at not more than two points and which is suspended from overhead supports so as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to a desired position.
(xiv) Window Jack Scaffold. The term "window jack scaffold" shall mean a scaffold the platform of which is supported by a properly designed bracket jack or outrigger which projects through a window opening.
Securely. The term "securely" shall mean that the object or member referred to is so fastened in place that the fastening in connection therewith is sufficiently strong to safely perform the required function.
Structure (§ C26-147.0). The term "structure" shall mean a building or construction of any kind.
Tier. The term "tier" shall mean a story or the structural framework of the floor level of a story.
(e) General requirements.
(1) Inspection of devices and equipment. Before any scaffold, ladder, hoist, derrick, ramp, walkway or other equipment is used on any construction site, such equipment shall be inspected by the contractor or other competent person designated by him. Such inspection shall be thoroughly and carefully made and every defect or unsafe condition shall be corrected before using. Any unsafe equipment shall be precluded from use by posting the words "unsafe for use" thereon. Every scaffold, ladder, hoist, derrick or other equipment and every safety device and safeguard shall be maintained in good working condition at all times. The results of an inspection of all scaffolds are to be certified to the borough superintendent. See § 240 Labor Law.
(2) Construction and maintenance of equipment and safeguards.
(i) (§ C26-555.0) All devices or equipment which are used in connection with the performance of work and regulated by this subdivision (e) shall be constructed, installed and maintained in a substantial manner and so operated as to give proper protection to persons and shall not be removed, altered, weakened, or rendered inoperative so long as they are needed or in use, except as provided in § C26-553.0, unless so ordered by a person in responsible charge of the operation.
(ii) Metal or fireproofed wood scaffolding tested as provided in § § C26-331.0 to C26-339.0, shall be used in all construction, repair or partial demolition in public buildings in which persons are bedridden or detained or in which the occupancies are similar.
(iii) Metal or fireproofed wood, tested as provided in § § C26-331.0 to C26-339.0, or other incombustible material approved by the Board, shall be used in the construction of all contractors' shanties.
(3) Responsibility of employees and other persons for protection of the public and workmen. (§ C26-553.0 a.) It shall be unlawful to remove or render inoperative any safeguard or sanitary convenience now provided, except where necessary during the actual installation of work or for the purpose of immediately repairing or adjusting such safeguards or conveniences, in which case they shall be immediately replaced. Every person shall be responsible for carrying out all rules which immediately concern or affect his conduct and shall use safety devices furnished for his protection.
(4) (i) Fire extinguishers and fire protection. At all times during construction operations, ready access to all fire hydrants and to outside connections for standpipes, sprinklers or other fire extinguishing equipment shall be provided and maintained and no material or equipment shall be placed within five (5) feet of such hydrant or connection. When buildings exceed 3 stories, a safe interior stairway or ladder located in each stair-well and properly secured at top and bottom shall be maintained.
Where a wood scaffold more than forty (40) feet in height is erected there shall be provided on each floor not less than one approved 2 1/2 gallon fire extinguisher located in a position readily accessible to the scaffold.
Suitable placards indicating that fire extinguishers are kept in designated places shall be posted in conspicuous places.
At least one 40 gallon water cask with 4 approved round bottom buckets or a safety bucket tank and 5 buckets or one 2 1/2 gallon fire extinguisher shall be provided on each story and cellar for each 2,500 square feet of floor area. In cold weather extinguishers shall be of the non-freezing type and bucket tanks and water casks shall be provided with a sufficient amount of calcium chloride or other approved material to prevent freezing.
Similar additional fire extinguishers shall be provided alongside each shed or locker room used by painters, carpenters and plumbers.
All loose paint, etc., shall be stored overnight in approved storage bins and all overalls, jumpers, etc., in approved metal lockers.
All oakum and other combustible material kept in mechanics' lockers shall be stored in a metal cabinet.
All combustible waste material and debris shall be removed from the building after each day's work.
(ii) Fire guards.
(A) A person holding a "Certificate of Fitness" issued by the Fire Department shall be required to be on duty in the capacity of a fire guard during all hours when operations are not in progress except between midnight and 8:00 a.m. at construction, alteration or demolition sites which exceed 10,000 square feet when fronting on one street or 20,000 square feet when fronting on more than one street or where the building exceeds 75 feet in height.
(B) The fire guards shall be familiar with the location and use of
(a) Nearest street fire alarm boxes and other acceptable means of transmitting an alarm of fire, and
(b) The fire extinguishing equipment required to be on the site.
(C) For the purpose of this subparagraph (ii), the term "alteration" shall be defined as any change or re-arrangement of the structural parts or existing facilities that necessitates the vacating of more than 50 percent of the building during the progress of the work. The term "site" shall mean the ground area of the building under construction, alteration or demolition.
(D) When the construction, alteration or demolition site exceeds the area limitations set forth in subparagraph (ii)(A) of this paragraph (4), at least one additional fire guard shall be on duty for each additional 10,000 square feet or 20,000 square feet respectively.
(E) When the site of the building actually under construction, alteration or demolition plus adjacent areas used for the storage of building materials or salvage building materials is completely enclosed by a substantial fence, the area limitations in subparagraphs (A) and (D) above shall be increased by 50 percent.
(5) Standpipe systems in structures in course of erection (§ C26-1435.0).
(i) In structures under erection for which a standpipe system will be required, provision shall be made for the use of standpipes by the Fire Department whenever the construction has progressed so that floors are in place above the seventh story or more than seventy-five feet above the curb level. The standpipe equipment thus provided may be a temporary installation.
(ii) A temporary standpipe system shall be one which may be used for water supply during the construction operations. Temporary risers shall be at least four inches in diameter for structures of less than four hundred fifty feet in height and at least six inches in diameter for structures four hundred fifty feet or more in height. There shall be as many risers as will be required for the permanent system. Each such riser shall have a Siamese hose connection at the street level and be equipped on each floor enclosed in exterior walls with hose outlets equipped with two and one-half inch hose valves. The installations shall be made so that each riser, cross-connection and branch line shall be watertight when work is not being done on the system. The location of the Siamese hose connection shall be placarded, kept free from obstruction, and indicated by a red light.
(6) Elevators for Fire Department use in incompleted structures (§ C26-1434.0). In structures in course of erection where the work has progressed to a height of more than one hundred fifty feet, at least one elevator used for carrying passengers or employees shall be kept in readiness at all times for Fire Department use, and a competent elevator operator shall be available at all times unless the elevator is equipped with devices such that it can be safely operated by the Fire Department.
(7) Salamanders and other heating devices. Salamanders and similar heating devices shall not be set up and used in any space which has not at least one window opening, unless each such heating device shall be provided with a sheet metal hood and a sheet metal pipe, extending from the hood to the outside air, to carry off the gases of combustion. Heating devices shall not be set directly upon combustible material but shall rest on beds of earth, sand or ashes not less than three (3) inches in thickness or on heavy metal plates, adequately insulated from the combustible material. The legs of the heating device shall rest on the insulating material. Such insulation shall extend beyond the device not less than two (2) feet on all sides.
Salamanders shall not be set up less than five (5) feet, in a horizontal direction, from any combustible material. Every heating device shall have not less than a five (5) foot clearance over head. All tarpaulins or canvas coverings shall be maintained not less than ten (10) feet from the heating device and such tarpaulins or canvas coverings shall be securely fastened to prevent their being blown toward the salamander or heating device.
Wherever salamanders or other heating devices are used, fire protective equipment shall be maintained on each floor irrespective of area during the usage of such heating devices.
Salamanders used to prevent concrete or other materials from freezing shall be provided with water pans.
(8) Electrical hazards. All electrical wiring and electrical equipment shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the provisions of the Electrical Code, Chapter 3 of Title 27, Administrative Code and temporary wiring rules supplemental thereto. (Chapter 34 of the Department of Buildings Rules.)
(9) Guarding of machinery (§ C26-554.0). All dangerous moving parts of machines shall, where practicable, be adequately guarded.
All keys, set-screws, bolts or similar projections on shafts, pulleys, gears, collars, or couplings and other revolving members, where such projections are not counter-sunk or protected by location from accidental contact by a workman, shall be protected by smooth cylindrical safety sleeves of wood or metal surrounding the projection, or shall be guarded by a stationary enclosure of sheet metal, rigid wire mesh, rigid expanded metal or other similar material having openings which shall not exceed one-half (1/2) inch mesh.
(10) Power driven saws. All portable power-driven hand-operated saws which are not mounted upon saw tables shall be equipped with guards above the base plate which will completely protect the operator from contact with the saw when in motion and with self-adjusting guards below the base plate which will completely cover the saw to the full depth of the teeth when the saw is removed from the cut, or equally effective guards shall be provided. Electrically driven portable saws shall also be subject to the requirements of § 3-02(j)(19)(iii), "Electrical tools".
Every power driven saw which is mounted with a saw table shall be equipped with a guard which shall cover the saw to such an extent so as to preclude contact with any part of the teeth of the saw which are more than two (2) inches above the saw table and which are not protected by the spreader or similar device. In operation, the guard shall automatically rise by pressure from the material or shall be so placed that as the saw cuts the material, the distance from the material to the underside of the guard does not exceed one-half (1/2) inch. The exposed teeth of the saw blade beneath the table shall be effectively guarded.
Every circular saw used for ripping shall be provided with a spreader securely fastened in position and with an effective device to prevent the kicking back of the material.
(11) Mixing machines. The revolving blades of mixing machines of the trough type shall be guarded with a substantial woven wire or iron enclosure having openings not more than one-half (1/2) inch mesh.
(12) Sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives. Sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives, which are not protected by location from accidental contact by the workman, shall be completely enclosed or shall be provided with channel guards having side flanges extending beyond the roots of the teeth.
(13) Belts, pulleys and fly-wheels. All belts, except conveyor belts, and all pulleys and fly-wheels shall have all of their parts which are less than seven (7) feet above a floor or other working platform, or runway, and which parts are not protected from accidental contact by workmen because of location, guarded by substantial enclosures or by a standard railing and toeboard which shall be so installed as to prevent workmen from approaching within a horizontal distance of eighteen (18) inches from such belt, pulley and fly-wheel. Enclosures required under this paragraph (13) may be temporarily removed when starting the machine or for the purpose of adjustment or maintenance, but such enclosure shall be replaced immediately thereafter.
(14) Other power driven machines. Power driven machines not specifically covered by these rules shall be constructed, installed and maintained in a substantial manner, and operated and installed so as to afford adequate protection.
(15) Dust. All operations on every construction site shall be so conducted as to prevent, by safe and effective means, the raising of dust in such quantities as to obstruct the vision or impair the health of workmen.
In sand-blasting of buildings, adequate provision shall be made to collect the dust and prevent its spread.
In demolition work materials causing dusting shall be wetted down.
(16) Sidewalk sheds, barricades and other protection.
(i) Protection of sidewalks (§ C26-557.0). Whenever a structure is to be constructed to exceed forty feet in height above the curb or whenever a structure more than twenty-five feet in height above the lowest point of the curb, is to be demolished, unless the street is officially closed during the construction or demolition, the owner shall erect and maintain safeguards during the period, as defined below, of such work as follows:
(ii) Sidewalk sheds required (§ C26-557.0,1).
(A) If a structure is to be erected to a height exceeding forty feet above the curb, or if the structure to be demolished is more than twenty-five feet in height above the curb, then if the horizontal distance from the structure to the inside edge of the sidewalk, or to the inside edge of a temporary sidewalk erected by permission of the local authority having jurisdiction, is equal to one-half or less of the height of the structure, a substantial sidewalk shed shall be constructed over the sidewalk or temporary sidewalk in front of the structure.
(B) (a) Regardless of the horizontal distance from the structure to sidewalk or temporary sidewalk, sidewalk sheds of adequate dimensions shall be erected when building materials are being moved over the sidewalk by means of derrick, hoist or chute. The extent of such sidewalk sheds shall be as required by the superintendent.
(b) Whenever any material or debris is moved or shifted by means of a derrick, hoist, chute or similar device over any sidewalk, passageway or walkway, which is not barred or closed to the workmen or to the public, a sidewalk shed shall be constructed over such sidewalk, passageway or walkway as provided for in § 3-02(e)(16)(iii) "Design of Sidewalk Sheds."
(iii) Design of sidewalk sheds (§ C26-557.0,2).
(A) Sidewalk sheds, where required, shall extend the entire length of the sidewalk in front of the structure, except that where construction work or demolition work on a structure erected before January first, nineteen hundred thirty-eight, involves only a portion of the structure, the superintendent shall prescribe the extent of sidewalk shed protection required.
(B) (a) Such sidewalk shed shall be capable of sustaining safely a minimum live load of one hundred fifty pounds per square foot, but if such sidewalk shed is used for overhead storage of material, it shall be capable of sustaining safely a minimum live load of three hundred pounds per square foot. The members of the sidewalk shed shall be so connected, and such adequate bracing, shall be provided as may be necessary to resist the displacement of members or the distortion of the framework. The deck of the shed shall be built tight and of ample width, and where deemed necessary by the superintendent, shall extend over the entire width of the sidewalk, except for clearances of two feet from the building line and one foot from the curb. Such shed may extend beyond the curb to such extent as may, on the recommendation of the superintendent, be approved by the local authority having jurisdiction. If posts supporting the deck of the shed are placed beyond the curb, such posts shall be protected from displacement.
(b) Sidewalk sheds shall not be less than eight (8) feet in height in the clear.
(iv) Protection of ends and sides of sidewalk sheds (§ C26-557.0,3).
(A) The outer side and ends of the deck of the shed shall be provided with substantial railings and toe boards, except that, in connection with the demolition of a structure originally more than twenty-five feet in height, or in connection with the erection of a structure which is to exceed seventy-five feet in height, the outer side and ends of the deck of the shed shall be provided with a substantial vertical enclosure, at least forty-two inches high, of boards, laid close, or of galvanized wire screen at least No. 16 steel wire gauge, and of a mesh which will reject a ball five-eighths of an inch in diameter. Temporary openings shall be permitted in the railing or enclosure for handling material.
(B) With the consent of the owners of the adjoining property, the deck and protective guards of the sidewalk shed shall be extended parallel with the curb at least five feet beyond the ends of the face of the structure, or a protection the full width of the shed extending upward at an angle of forty-five degrees from the ends of the deck and outward a horizontal distance of at least five feet beyond the ends of the face of the structure. Such sloping protection shall be constructed with substantial outriggers, bearing on and securely attached to the deck of the shed. The decking of this latter protection shall be of closely laid boards or galvanized wire screen of at least No. 16 steel wire gauge and with a mesh which will reject a five-eighths inch ball. When such sloping end protection is installed, it shall take the place of the railing or enclosure required at the ends of the shed deck.
(v) Pedestrian passageways under sidewalk sheds (§ C26-557.0,4).
Adequate passageways on the sidewalk shall be provided for pedestrians. Unless the top deck of the sidewalk shed is built solidly against the face of the structure in such a manner that no material can fall on the sidewalk, the side of the sidewalk shed toward the structure shall be sealed in a substantial manner with wood or other suitable material to a minimum height of eight feet above the sidewalk, except for such sliding gates, or gates swinging inward, as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the work.
(vi) When sidewalk sheds are to be erected (§ C26-557.0,5).
(A) When a sidewalk shed is required in connection with the erection of a structure, the construction of the structure shall stop at forty feet above the curb, unless and until such sidewalk shed has been completed. Such shed shall remain in place until the structure is enclosed, sash is glazed above the second story, masonry is cleaned down and all outside handling of material above the second story is completed.
(B) When a sidewalk shed is required in connection with the demolition of a structure, such sidewalk shed shall be completed before performing any work of demolition.
(vii) Lighting of sidewalk sheds (§ C26-557.0,6). The under side of the sidewalk shed shall have sufficient natural or artificial light to insure safety, which light shall be maintained at all times.
(viii) Fences permitted in lieu of sidewalk sheds (C26-557.0,7). If the structure to be demolished is more than twenty-five feet high above the curb, or if the structure is to be erected to a height exceeding forty feet above the curb, and if the horizontal distance from the structure to the inside edge of the sidewalk or relocated temporary sidewalk is between one-half and three-quarters of the height of the structure, a shed shall be constructed over the sidewalk as described above, or, in place of such shed, a substantial fence shall be constructed along the inside edge of such sidewalk or relocated temporary sidewalk or along the inside edge of the roadway, if permission to close the sidewalk has been granted by the superintendent. Such fence may be constructed outside of the curb to such extent as may, on the recommendation of the superintendent, be approved by the borough president, but in any event, such fence at its ends shall be returned to within two feet of the building line. Such fence shall be at least six feet high of wood or other suitable material and shall be built solid for its entire length, except for such openings provided with sliding gates, or gates swinging inward, as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the work.
(ix) Railings permitted in lieu of sidewalk sheds or fences (§ C26-557.0,8).
(A) If a structure to be demolished is more than twenty-five feet high above the curb, or if the structure is to be erected to a height exceeding forty feet above the curb, and if the horizontal distance from the structure to the inside edge of the sidewalk or relocated temporary sidewalk is three-quarters of the height of the structure or more, a shed or fence shall be constructed as described above, or in place of such shed or fence, a substantial railing shall be constructed along the inside edge of the roadway, if permission has been granted to close the sidewalk. Such railing at its ends shall be returned to within two feet of the building line and shall be continuous for its entire length, except for such openings, provided with movable bars as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the work.
(B) At the discretion of the superintendent, thrustout platforms or other suitable protections may be substituted for sidewalk sheds, fences and railings during alterations or under other conditions which in his judgment permit of such substitution. It shall be unlawful to use such thrustout platforms or other protections for the storage of material.
(x) Foot bridges (§ C26-558.0). When a foot bridge is used to support the temporary sidewalk in front of a structure during construction or demolition, it shall be substantially built to sustain safely a minimum live load of one hundred fifty pounds per square foot. Such foot bridge shall be provided with hand-rails on both sides and shall be provided at both ends with substantial steps with hand-rails or with inclined ramps with hand-rails and with cleats to prevent slipping.
(xi) Sidewalk sheds-when to remove. Sidewalk sheds shall remain in place until the structure is completed as provided in § 3-02(e)(16)(vi) or in the case of demolished portions, until the building or structure has been razed to a point within the height of the shed.
(xii) Protection of floor openings (§ C26-555.1). All floor openings within a building in the course of construction shall be enclosed or fenced in on all sides by a barrier of suitable height, except on those sides which may be used for the handling of materials hoisted through such openings, or at which stairs or ladders land; provided, that such sides, other than landings, shall be guarded by an adjustable barrier not less than three nor more than four feet from the floor and not less than two feet from the edge of such opening.
This requirement shall also apply to structures being repaired, altered or demolished. For additional requirement as to floor openings in buildings being demolished see § 3-02(i)(15).
(xiii) Danger signs and lights. Every material pile, every obstruction to the public on a sidewalk or on a street, and every excavation or opening immediately adjacent to a street or public thoroughfare unless protected by a standard guard rail shall be indicated during daylight hours by red flags or signs placed at intervals of not more than twenty (20) feet. During twilight hours and during the night there shall be provided at such point where a sign or a flag is required, a red lantern, red light or an oil flare, which shall be kept burning from sundown to sunrise.
Danger signs shall also be provided when hoisting material over the sidewalk or street.
(xiv) Slippery and other unsafe conditions. Every sidewalk, walkway, runway, passageway, stairway, scaffold, platform and every other working area shall be maintained free from ice, grease and other conditions which may render such surface slippery and dangerous. All such places shall be kept free from debris and shall be maintained in safe condition without obstructions which may constitute a tripping or falling hazard.
(xv) Illumination. Every sidewalk, passageway, walkway, runway, stairway and every working area shall at all times during use be provided with natural or artificial illumination of not less than two (2) foot candle intensity measured at the floor or walking surface. See Table I.
(xvi) Sizes and stresses of materials to be used over all protective equipment. Materials, sizes and stresses shall be as provided in § 3-02(j)(2).
(xvii) Protection of trees. No trees outside the building line shall be disturbed or removed without the permission of the Commissioner of Parks and Recreation. Adequate protection of sufficient height shall be provided around the trunks of all trees on all street fronts of the construction site, as defined in § 3-02(d) "Construction site." No caustic or acid materials shall be mixed within ten feet of any tree.
(17) Storage of material and equipment.
(i) Building material.
(A) Permit (§ 19-122(a)* Administrative Code). The president of each borough shall have power to grant permits to builders to occupy not more than one-third of the roadway of any street with building material if, in his opinion, the interests and conveniences of the public will not suffer thereby. At the time of placing such material in the street, the permit, so granted shall forthwith be posted in a conspicuous space on or near the material and shall be kept there so as to be readily accessible to inspection.
(B) Conditions (§ 19-122(b)** Administrative Code). Such permits shall provide expressly that they are given upon condition that the sidewalks and gutters shall at all times be kept clear and unobstructed, and that all dirt and rubbish shall be promptly removed from time to time by the person obtaining such permit. All such permits may be revoked by the borough president, at pleasure.
(C) Deposit (§ 19-122(c)*** Administrative Code). It shall be unlawful to grant any such permit to any builder unless, at the time such permit is granted, he shall have on deposit with the borough president the sum of fifty dollars as a guarantee that he will promptly comply with the conditions of all permits which may so be granted, including the prompt removal of all dirt and rubbish placed upon the street from time to time, and also for the prompt removal of any building material placed upon any street thereunder, after the expiration or revocation of any such permit. Each borough president is authorized and empowered to use so much of the moneys so deposited as may be required to effect the prompt removal of such dirt or rubbish as may, from time to time, be left upon the streets by the person making the deposit, and also for the purpose of removing any building material which may remain thereon, after the expiration or revocation of any permit under which it was so placed. In case any such deposit shall become impaired or exhausted, through use by a borough president in the removal of dirt, rubbish, or building material, the amount shall be made up immediately, to the sum of fifty dollars, on notice from the borough president, and, in default thereof, all permits theretofore issued to the builder failing to comply with such notice shall be revoked, and no permit shall be thereafter granted to him until such deposit be made good. Any builder may at any time withdraw his deposit if at the time he holds no unexpired permits and has fully complied with all the conditions of all such permits. Otherwise he shall be entitled only to withdraw and receive as much of the deposit as may remain unexpended after the provisions of this subparagraph (C), relative to the use of such money for the removal of dirt, rubbish or building material, as the case may be, have been carried into effect.
(D) Restrictions (§ 19-122(d)* Administrative Code). In a street upon which there is a railroad, materials shall not be placed nearer to the track than two (2) feet.
In no case shall building material be placed upon, nor shall mortar, cement or other material be mixed upon, the pavement of a street paved with asphalt, asphalt block or wood, except under a permit issued by the borough president having jurisdiction, which shall contain a provision that such pavement shall be protected by first laying planks thereon. Borough presidents, or other officers issuing permits to builders to use the streets, shall insert in each such permit a clause requiring compliance with this provision.
(E) Unauthorized obstructions (§ 19-122(e)** Administrative Code). Whenever any wood, timber, stone, iron or other building material has been or shall be placed in or upon any street, without a permit, the borough president having jurisdiction shall forthwith cause the same to be taken up and removed.
(ii) All building material shall be stored in a safe and orderly manner, and so located that such piles of material do not obstruct any passageway, walkway, stairway, or sidewalk. Material or equipment shall not be stored upon a temporary or permanent floor in such quantity as to exceed the safe carrying capacity of the floor. Scaffolds and similar working platforms are not to be used as a storage space for material or equipment.
(18) Storage and disposal of debris.
(i) All debris, waste material and the like shall be stored as required under § 3-02(e)(17). Broken glass and sharp metal objects shall be removed to a location which will eliminate the possibility of accidental contact by workmen. Boards, planks, and timbers, unless stored in a location remote from accidental contact by workmen, shall have all nails hammered down or removed.
(ii) Cellars may be permanently filled to grade with clean debris, such as mortar, plaster, brick, stone or other incombustible material that will not cause voids in the fill. (See § 3-02(f)(12)).
(19) Corrosive substances. All lime, acid, and other corrosive substances shall be so stored and so used as not to endanger the workmen or the public.
(20) Employees' welfare. There shall be provided on every construction site a sufficient number of temporary water closets, chemical toilets, or privies at the rate of not less than one (1) unit for each 30 persons or fraction thereof.
There shall be provided in adequate locations a sufficient supply of faucets connected to the city mains for drinking water.
Facilities shall be provided to render first aid and an adequate first aid kit shall be kept in the job supervisor's office at all times. There shall be prominently posted in the job supervisor's office a list of doctors, phone number and the address of the nearest hospital.
Suitable approved protective equipment shall be provided for every employee engaged in operations hazardous to the eyes and head and all employees when so engaged shall be required to wear or use such equipment.
(21) Life-lines, safety-belts or life-nets. Where it is not practical to afford other means of protection as provided in these rules, life lines and safety belts shall be provided for workmen exposed to the danger of falling from locations where the combination of adequate footing and holding on with the hands does not exist, such as on steep roofs, narrow ledges, high parapets, skeleton beams, etc. However, this paragraph (21) shall not apply to regular structural steel erectors, riggers, elevator constructors and those of similar trade whose work is of such nature that the use of such life line and safety belt would produce an additional hazard or where a life net safety barrier or other adequate protection has been provided for such workmen.
Every life-line, safety-belt or life-net shall be of an approved type and shall be inspected in accordance with § 3-02(e)(1), "Inspection of devices and equipment" at least once each week.
(22) Housekeeping. Every sidewalk, stairway, passageway, ramp and similar walkway shall be kept free and clear from material, supplies and obstructions of every kind. Tools and materials shall not be strewn about on floors or platforms or in any working area.
Protruding nails and sharp projections shall be removed, hammered down, bent over, or otherwise guarded to prevent injury by accidental contact.
(f) Excavation operations. (1) Owner (§ C26-383.0). The responsibility of affording any license referred to in § § C26-383.0 through C26-390.0, and § § C26-561.0 through C26-570.0, shall rest upon the owner but in case the tenant of any such owner fails or refuses to permit such owner to afford such license, such failure shall be a cause to the owner for dispossessing such tenant through proceedings provided in the civil practice act for recovering possession of real property. In case the duty devolves upon such owner to make his premises safe under any of the provisions of § § C26-383.0 through C26-390.0 and § § C26-561.0 through C26-570.0, such owner shall have a like remedy against a tenant of a part of the premises.
(2) Excavations affecting adjoining property (§ C26-384.0a). Temporary support of adjoining property. Any person causing any excavation to be made shall provide such sheet piling and bracing as may be necessary to prevent the earth of adjoining property from caving in before permanent supports have been provided for the sides of such excavation.
(3) Permanent support of adjoining property (§ C26-384.0b). Whenever provisions are lacking for the permanent support of the sides of an excavation in accordance with the provisions of § C26-563.0, a person causing such excavation to be made shall build a retaining wall at his own expense and on his own land. Such retaining wall shall be carried to a height sufficient to retain the adjoining earth, shall be properly coped and shall be provided with a substantial guard rail or fence four feet high.
(4) License to enter adjoining premises (§ C26-384.0c). For the purposes of § 3-02(f)(2) and (3), any person causing an excavation to be made shall be afforded the license necessary to enter the adjoining premises. If such license is not afforded, the owner of the adjoining premises shall have the responsibility of providing temporary and permanent support of his premises at his own expense, and for that purpose such owner shall be afforded the license necessary to enter the premises where such excavation is to be made.
(5) Excavations affecting adjoining structures.
(i) Excavations more than ten feet deep (§ C26-385.0a). Whenever an excavation is carried to a depth of more than ten feet below the curb, the person who causes such excavation to be made shall, if afforded the license necessary to enter the adjoining premises, at all times and at his own expense, preserve and protect from injury any structure the safety of which may be affected by such part of the excavation as extends more than ten feet below the curb, and such person shall support the adjoining structure by proper foundations, whether or not such structure is more than ten feet below the curb. If the necessary license is not afforded to the person causing the excavation to be made, it shall be the duty of the owner who fails to afford such license to make the structure safe, and to support such structure by proper foundations, and such owner shall, if it is necessary for such purpose, be afforded the license necessary to enter the premises where such excavation is to be made.
(ii) Excavations ten feet or less in depth (§ C26-385.0b). The owner of any structure the safety of which may be affected by an excavation, shall preserve and protect such structure from injury and shall support such structure by proper foundations, except as otherwise provided in § 3-02(f)(5)(i) and shall, if it is necessary for such purpose, be afforded the license necessary to enter the premises where the excavation is to be made.
(iii) Support of party walls (§ C26-385.0c). In case an adjoining party wall is intended to be used by the person who causes an excavation to be made, and such party wall is in good condition and sufficient for the uses of the existing and proposed buildings, such person shall, at his own expense, preserve such party wall from injury and support it by proper foundations, so that it shall be and remain practically as safe as it was before the excavation was commenced.
(iv) Weather protection (§ C26-385.0d). Where permission has been given under this paragraph (5) to any person to enter any adjoining structure, such person shall provide for such adjoining structure adequate protection against any danger of injury due to the elements which may result from such entry.
(6) Conduct of excavating operations. All excavation work in connection with the erection, repair, construction or alteration, of any building or structure shall be conducted in a thoroughly workmanlike and safe manner.
All equipment used in connection with excavation work shall be inspected, erected and maintained in safe working condition, during the entire time of the excavation work as provided in § 3-02(e)(1).
(7) Structures unsafe at commencement of excavation or demolition (§ C26-386.0). If the person who causes an excavation to be made or an existing structure to be demolished has reason to believe an adjoining structure is unsafe, such person shall forthwith report his belief in writing to the superintendent, who shall cause an inspection of such premises to be made, and if such structure is found unsafe, he shall declare such structure unsafe and shall cause it to be repaired as provided in § § C26-193.0 through C26-201.0.
(8) Physical examination of adjoining property prior to and during excavation or demolition (§ C26-387.0). A license to enter upon adjoining property for the purpose of physical examination of such property, prior to the commencement and at reasonable periods, during the progress of the excavation or demolition, shall be afforded by the owner and tenants of such adjoining property to the persons causing such excavation or demolition to be made.
(9) Protection at excavations (§ C26-389.0). Guards or fences shall be provided along the open sides of excavations, except that, in the discretion of the superintendent, such guards or fences may be omitted from any side or sides other than such as are adjacent to streets or public passageways. Suitable means of exit from excavations shall be provided.
Railing, fence or solid enclosure shall not be less than forty-two (42) inches in height. Such portions of the railing as are adjacent to a public thoroughfare shall be provided with danger lights at night.
From every excavation there shall be provided at all times ladders, stairways or ramps to provide for the safe access to, and egress from, such excavation. Such ladders, stairways or ramps shall be in compliance with the requirements of § 3-02(j) relating to such means of access or egress and shall be installed in sufficient number and in such location as to be readily accessible. Such means of access or egress shall not be more than one hundred (100) feet from any point in the excavation.
(10) Shoring, bracing and sheet-piling. The sides of every open excavation five (5) feet or more in depth where the earth is not sloped to the angle of repose of the material and where because of the composition of the soil, climatic conditions, depth of excavation or construction operations there may be produced an unsafe condition, shall be securely held by adequate timber bracing. Bracing for trenches shall be at least as provided in Table A and Table B.TABLE A MINIMUM SIZES OF BRACING AND SHEET-PILING FOR NARROW TRENCHES TRENCHES-Not more than four (4) feet in width.
[SEE tabular material in printed version]
Steel sheet-piling and bracing, of equivalent strength may be substituted for wood sheet-piling and timber bracing.
[SEE tabular material in printed version]
Steel sheet-piling and bracing, of equivalent strength may be substituted for wood sheet-piling and timber bracing.
(11) Placing of construction material. Excavated material, building material and superimposed loads such as equipment, etc., shall not be placed closer to the edge of the excavation than a distance equal to 1 1/2 times the depth of such excavation, unless the sides of the excavation have been sheet-piled and shored to provide for such superimposed loads. Such sheetpiling shall extend above the natural level of the ground to a sufficient height to prevent any loose material from falling into the excavation.
(12) Abandoned foundations-safety and protection (§ C26-390.0). Any abandoned foundation which shall become unsafe, menacing or dangerous to life or limb, shall be filled in, as the superintendent may require, with clean ashes, sand or earth or otherwise made safe and secure. (See § 3-02(e)(18)(ii))
(g) Erection of buildings and structures.
(1) Compliance with plans, laws and regulations (§ C26-178.0).
(i) It shall be unlawful to construct any structure, or any plumbing, except in accordance with the approved detailed statement of specifications and plans, for which the permit was issued, or any approved amendment thereof. A certified copy of the approved plans shall be kept at all times on the premises from the commencement of the work to the completion thereof, except that this requirement may be waived by the superintendent where he deems compliance with it is unnecessary.
(ii) Permits for construction or equipment of a structure issued by the superintendent shall be deemed to incorporate the proviso that the applicant, his agent, employees or contractors shall use only approved materials, appliances and methods of construction and shall carry out the proposed work in accordance with the approved plans and with all requirements of this section and any other laws or regulations applicable thereto, whether specified or not.
(2) Loading of structures during construction or demolition (§ C26-551.0).
It shall be unlawful to load or cause to be loaded any structure, or any temporary support or scaffolding or any sidewalk or sidewalk shed or bridge or any device or equipment, during construction or demolition, in excess of its safe carrying capacity.
(3) Permits for construction or alteration (§ C26-161.0).
(i) Before the construction or alteration of any structure or any part of a structure, shall be commenced and before the construction or alteration of the plumbing of any structure or premises shall be commenced, the owner, or registered architect or licensed professional engineer employed by the owner, shall submit to the superintendent a statement in triplicate, on appropriate blanks furnished by the superintendent, describing the proposed work, and such computations, plans, and detail drawings as the superintendent may require. Such statement shall constitute an application for a permit. Such statement shall be accompanied by a further statement in writing, sworn to before a notary public or commissioner of deeds, giving the full name and residence of each of the owners of the structure, proposed structure or premises, and, except as otherwise herein provided in § § C26-161.0 through C26-188.0, by a diagram of the lot or lots showing the established grade and the existing surface elevation of the street, if any, on which the construction is to be made, the exact location of any proposed new construction and of all existing structures that are to remain including information as to the occupancy of such structures.
(ii) In the case of an interior alteration or a minor exterior alteration to an existing structure the filing of a lot diagram shall not be required unless the superintendent deems it to be necessary because of special conditions.
(iii) In the case of minor alterations which do not involve a structural change and which in the opinion of the superintendent do not require the filing of plans, a statement describing such minor alterations shall be submitted to the superintendent on such form as he may designate.
(iv) When plans are required to be filed, and such plans contemplate structural changes or structural work affecting public health or safety, they shall be accompanied by an affidavit of a licensed architect or a licensed professional engineer stating that he has supervised the preparation of the plans and that to the best of his knowledge and belief the structure, if built in accordance with the plans, will conform to the Administrative Building Code and to the rules of the board, and will not conflict with any provision of the charter, the multiple dwelling law, the labor law, the general city law, the building zone resolution, or any other provision of law applicable thereto, except as specifically noted otherwise.
(v) If a licensed professional engineer has been employed in the preparation of the structural or mechanical design, the structural or mechanical plans shall be accompanied by his affidavit stating that the structural or mechanical design drawings prepared under his supervision, to the best of his knowledge and belief, conform with the laws governing building construction, except as specifically noted otherwise.
(vi) If there are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the law, the affidavit of the licensed architect or licensed professional engineer shall state the nature of such difficulties or hardships.
(vii) Before a permit is issued, the owner or his authorized agent shall furnish the commissioner with the name and address of the person who is to supervise the construction, in accordance with § C26-187.0, with power of substitution upon written notice to the commissioner.
(4) Conduct of operations. All work in connection with the erection, repair or alteration of any building or structure shall be conducted in a thoroughly workmanlike and safe manner.
All equipment used in connection with construction operations shall be provided, erected and maintained in safe working condition during the entire term of the construction, as provided in § 3-02(j), "Equipment".
(5) Protection of construction from cold weather.
(i) Concrete. It shall be unlawful to deposit concrete which has a temperature of less than 50(degrees) Fahrenheit. The concrete shall be maintained at a temperature of at least 50(degrees) Fahrenheit for at least 72 hours or until it has thoroughly hardened. § C26-502.0,d. For high early strength cement concrete such temperature shall be maintained for not less than 24 hours.
Adequate equipment shall be provided for heating the concrete materials and protecting the concrete during freezing weather. The heat furnished during the curing period shall be saturated with moist vapor by means of pans of water used with salamanders or steam lines.
All concrete materials including reinforcing steel and forms shall be free from frost. The protection used during the curing shall remain in place and intact for a period of at least 24 hours after the artificial heating has been discontinued. The use of admixtures for the prevention of freezing shall not be permitted.
(ii) Masonry protection during freezing weather. Masonry shall be protected against freezing until such time as the setting of the cementing material has advanced far enough to prevent any displacement of such masonry. It shall be unlawful to use any frozen material or to build upon any frozen masonry or frozen soil. § C26-414.0. All bricks and mortar material shall be protected from the elements and free of ice, and prior to use shall have all frost or ice removed. After the mortar has been mixed it shall be maintained at a temperature of not less than 35(degrees) Fahrenheit from the time it is mixed until it is placed in the masonry. All work shall be protected against freezing for a period of 48 hours by means of enclosures and artificial heat similar to that provided for in § 3-02(g)(5)(i) "Concrete". The use of admixtures for the prevention of freezing shall not be permitted.
(iii) Plastering in freezing weather. When plastering is in progress and until such plastering has become thoroughly dry, the structure shall be enclosed and heated in freezing weather. § C26-467.0,c. The enclosures and methods of heating and ventilating shall be as provided for in "Concrete" § 3-02(g)(5)(i) and "Salamanders", § 3-02(e)(7).
(6) Temporary floors in buildings in the course of construction.
Buildings or structures or skeleton construction. In buildings or structures of skeleton steel construction a temporary floor filling, or floor filling forms, except for temporary shaftway openings, shall be installed as the erection progresses and there shall be not more than eight (8) stories of erected steel above the uppermost floor filling.
A temporary plank floor shall be provided not less than two (2) tiers below the tier of beams on any skeleton steel structure, on which bolting, riveting, welding or painting is being done and at every other floor level at which the permanent floor filling or the floor filling forms have not been provided. Such temporary flooring shall cover the entire tier of beams, except for such spaces as are required for access to ladders and stairways and for hoisting purposes. The planks for such temporary floor shall be free from protruding nails and splinters and shall be not less than two (2) inches in thickness for a span of up to and including ten (10) feet. The planks shall be laid close together, supported on a solid bearing, and the ends over-lapped at least four (4) inches and securely fastened to the framework of the structure.
In buildings or structures having wood floor construction rough flooring shall be laid on each tier of joists as the structure progresses and the floor next below where any work is being performed shall be entirely floored over, except for such spaces as are required for access to ladders and stairways and for hoisting purposes. Such rough flooring shall consist of boards not less than seven-eighths (7/8) inch in thickness.
In non-fireproof buildings, where stair halls or floor areas are of fireproof construction, the floor arch forms shall be installed as the work progresses which shall be not more than two (2) stories below the story on which any brickwork or masonry is being erected.
(7) Temporary stairs. In every building or structure, the permanent stairways shall be installed as soon as working conditions permit but when work on a building has progressed to a height of more than fifty (50) feet above grade and it is found impracticable to install permanent stairways, one temporary stairway extending from grade to the top of the structure, and continued up as the work progresses, shall be installed and shall remain in place until the permanent stairways shall have been completed. Such temporary stairs shall be in compliance with the requirements of § 3-02(e)(4) and (j)(11).
Where permanent or temporary stairways or suitable ramps or runways are not provided, ladders shall be provided to give access to all floors. Such ladders shall remain in place until the temporary or permanent stairs are provided and are ready for use.
(h) Repair and alteration operations.
(1) Removal or repair of structures (§ C26-193.0). Any structure or part of a structure or premises that from any cause may at any time become dangerous or unsafe, structurally or as a fire hazard, shall be taken down and removed or made safe and secure. A vacant building unguarded or open at door or window shall be deemed dangerous or unsafe as a fire hazard within the meaning of this article.
(2) Ordinary repairs excepted from permit requirements (§ C26-171.0).
(i) Ordinary repairs to structures may be made without application or notice to the superintendent, but such repairs shall not include the cutting away of any wall or any portion thereof, the removal or cutting of any beams or supports, or the removal, change or closing of any stairway or required means of exit.
(ii) Ordinary repairs to the plumbing system may be made without application or notice to the superintendent, but such repairs shall not include addition to, or alteration, replacement or relocation of any standpipe piping, water distribution piping, house sewer, private sewer, or drainage system including leaders, or any soil, waste or vent pipe, or any gas distribution system.
(3) Conduct of repair and alteration operations. All work in connection with the repair or alteration of a building or structure shall be conducted in a thoroughly workmanlike and safe manner. All equipment used in connection with repair and alteration operations shall be inspected as provided for in § 3-02(e)(1), erected and maintained in good working condition during the entire time of the operations as provided in § 3-02(j). The operations to be performed shall be in accordance with the pertinent provisions of these rules.
(i) Demolition operations. (1) Notice to demolish (§ C26-168.0). Before any structure or part of a structure is demolished, a statement in writing, on appropriate blanks to be furnished by the department, which shall constitute a notice to demolish, shall be submitted to the superintendent by the owner or any person authorized by the owner, giving the full name and residence of each of the owners of the structure to be demolished, the name and business address of the person who is to do the work and such other information respecting the structure as the superintendent may require. Such notice shall be submitted before the work of demolition is commenced and the superintendent shall issue a permit upon approval of such notice.
Where a building is to be partly demolished, the provisions of § C26-161.0 shall be complied with.
(2) Loading of structures during demolition. Precautions to be observed in the loading of structures during demolition shall be in accordance with § 3-02(g)(2).
Before any material is stored on any floor, the existing flooring adjacent to the bearing walls shall be removed and ends of floor beams in the bearing walls shall be carefully examined as to their condition and the amount of bearing on the bearing wall. If they are found to be in poor condition or with insufficient bearing, no material shall be deposited on the floor until these beams are shored from the cellar floor through each successive floor. No bearing partition shall be removed from any floor until the floor beams on the next floor above have been removed and lowered.
All header beams and headers at stair openings and chimneys shall be carefully examined and if necessary shall be shored from the cellar floor through the successive floors.
(3) Conduct of demolition operations. All demolition operations and equipment in connection with the construction, erection, repair, alteration or razing of any building or structure shall be conducted in a thoroughly workmanlike and safe manner as provided in § 3-02(g)(4).
Demolition shall proceed systematically floor by floor and all work on upper floors shall be completed before supporting members and stair and shaft enclosures below are disturbed. Work on an upper floor shall be considered completed when the steel has been exposed even if the steel has not been dismembered and removed.
All enclosed stairs and enclosed shafts in a building under demolition shall be maintained enclosed on all floors except on the uppermost floor being demolished. Demolition of these enclosures shall proceed only on the uppermost floors and only when general demolition of the uppermost floor has been started.
All hand rails and bannisters on stairs shall be left in place on each floor until actual demolition of the floor is in process.
(4) Adjoining building protection.
(i) Protection of adjacent structures. Structures unsafe at commencement of excavation or demolition shall comply with requirements of § 3-02(f)(7) and (8). No further demolition shall be performed at that point until an approval to continue such work has been issued by the superintendent.
(ii) Protection of party walls during demolition (§ C26-568.0).
(A) Party walls. When a structure containing a party wall is being demolished, the owner of the demolished structure shall, at his own expense, bend over the anchors at the beam ends in the standing wall and shall brick in all open beam holes.
(B) Party wall fire escape balconies. No party wall balcony fire exit shall be demolished or removed when such demolition or removal will destroy the full effectiveness of such party wall balconies as means of egress, unless and until the owner of the structure from which the party wall balcony is to be removed has erected or legally obligates himself to erect on the structure to be deprived of a required means of egress, a legal fire escape meeting the requirements of the superintendent.
All beams in party walls shall be cut off close to the walls and stub ends removed without weakening masonry and beam pockets cleaned of loose mortar, and bricked up and bonded into the wall with sound brick and cement mortar. Tee anchors shall be provided on each sixth floor beam or sixth roof beam, except that the Borough Superintendent may require closer spacing of such anchors when required for the safety of these walls. Roofing material of adjoining buildings shall be bent over and flashed. All door or other openings in party walls shall be adequately sealed. Cornices where cut shall be properly sealed. Parapet and front and rear walls where disturbed shall be pointed up and made weather tight. All exposed furring, lath and plaster on party walls shall be removed. Roofs, skylights and flues of adjoining buildings shall be protected from damage from demolition by the demolition contractor provided he is granted the necessary license to enter the adjoining premises for that purpose.
(5) Removal of gas, electric and water service.
(i) All gas, electric, water, steam and other supply lines shall be shut off and capped as required by the appropriate City agencies, before starting demolition, except that where it is necessary to maintain any power, water, gas or electric lines during demolition, such lines shall be protected as required by the appropriate City agencies.
(ii) Sewer connections to be sealed (§ C26-553.0). When a structure which has connections with a sewer is demolished, all sewer connections shall be sealed off in a manner satisfactory to the borough president.
(6) Precautions before commencing demolition. Before demolition is started, the cellar and all floors shall be thoroughly cleared of all furniture and other combustible personal property and all fixtures and equipment which would cause voids in the fill removed.
If the cellar is to be filled to grade, the existing cellar floor shall be broken up to provide ground drainage and prevent accumulation of water. If the cellar is not to be filled, adequate cellar drainage shall be provided.
(7) Removal of glass. Before the commencement of the actual demolition, all glass in windows, doors, skylights and glazed windows and glass in furnishings shall be removed.
(8) Boarding of windows and exterior wall openings. Every window or other opening in the exterior walls of any structure more than twenty-five (25) feet in height, unless such window or opening is so located as to preclude the possibility of injury to any person by material which may fall from such window or opening, shall be boarded up or otherwise substantially covered.
(9) Access to floors. There shall be provided at all times, safe access to and egress from every building and every floor in every building in course of demolition by means of unobstructed hallways, stairways or ladder runs so enclosed or so located as to protect the persons using them from falling materials.
Access to any floor, except the top or working floor, of any building in the course of demolition shall be closed off unless the floor above is intact and all vertical openings are enclosed by a tight enclosure of not less than two (2) inch planking.
(10) Demolition of walls. Demolition shall proceed in an orderly manner and the work on the upper stories shall be completed before any of the supporting structural members on the lower stories are disturbed. Sections of masonry walls shall not be loosened or permitted to fall in such masses upon the floors of the building as to exceed the safe carrying capacity of such floors.
No wall, chimney or other structural part shall be left in such condition that it may topple over due to wind, vibration or any other cause.
(11) Mechanical method of demolition. The mechanical method of demolition, whereby the wrecking of a building or part thereof, is accomplished by smashing the walls or floors with a heavy weight suspended by a cable from a boom or hoist, or whereby the walls are collapsed by the use of a power shovel, tractor or other mechanical contrivance, shall be permitted only in accordance with the following requirements.
(i) The building or structure or remaining portion thereof shall be not more than eighty (80) feet in height.
(ii) The zone of demolition as applied to a specific demolition operation shall be that area determined by the Superintendent.
(iii) Unless permitted by the Superintendent, such method shall not be used where any building occupied by one or more persons is located within the zone of demolition.
(iv) Such method shall not be used where access may be had to any space within the zone of demolition by persons other than the workmen performing demolition operations.
(v) Workmen performing demolition operations may enter buildings or spaces within the zone of demolition but such workmen, however, shall not be permitted on or within the structure being demolished nor shall such workmen, excepting the operating crew, be permitted within the zone of demolition while the mechanical device as above described is in actual operation.
(vi) Fences constructed in compliance with § 3-02(e)(16)(viii) shall be erected to prevent persons other than workmen from entering the zone as established by the Superintendent.
(vii) The controls of mechanical devices used in such method of demolition shall be located and operated a safe and reasonable distance from the point of demolition.
(viii) Where a swinging weight is used the supporting cables shall be of such length or shall be so restrained that it is not possible for the weight to swing against any structure other than the structure being demolished.
(ix) The Superintendent may modify the requirements of this paragraph (11), if in his opinion circumstances of a specific operation warrant a modification and may impose greater restrictions and protective measures.
(12) Demolition of structural steel and heavy timbers. Steel construction and heavy timber construction shall be demolished column length by column length and tier by tier. Every structural member which is being dismembered shall not be under any load other than its own weight and such member shall be chained or lashed in place to prevent any uncontrolled swinging or dropping. Large structural members shall not be thrown or dropped from the building. However, when permitted by the superintendent, such members shall be slowly and carefully lowered by hoists equipped with adequate brakes and nonreversing safety devices.
(13) Demolition of floor arches. Before demolishing any floor arch, debris and other material shall be removed from the arch and from the surrounding floor area within a distance of twenty (20) feet from such arch. Planks not less than 2 x 9 in cross-section shall be laid close together with a span not more than 10 ft. for the workmen to stand on while breaking down floor arches between beams. Such planks shall be so located as to provide a safe support for the workmen should the arch between the beams collapse.
(14) Removal of material. Debris, bricks and other material shall not be thrown from floors to the ground or thrown from upper floors to lower floors but shall be removed
(i) by means of chutes constructed in compliance with § 3-02(j)(27);
(ii) by means of buckets or hoists; or
(iii) through openings in the floors of the buildings in compliance with § 3-02(i)(15) "Floor Openings." Large pieces of debris or structural members shall be slowly lowered to the ground or sidewalk bridges. The ground area to which material are lowered shall be barricaded and warning signs posted.
(15) Floor openings. The aggregate area of openings in any floor of a building in the course of demolition shall not exceed twenty-five (25) per cent of the entire floor area of such floor. The person in charge of demolition operations shall provide sheet-piling, shoring, bracing or such other means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the walls and to prevent any wall from collapsing due to the pressure of the accumulated material.
Every opening used for the removal of debris in every floor except the top or working floor, shall be provided with a tight enclosure from floor to floor, equivalent to that afforded by planking not less than two inches in thickness. As an alternative in building when not more than six stories in height, such openings may be protected by a tight temporary covering equivalent to that afforded by planks not less than two inches in thickness and laid close. Wherever such covering has been temporarily removed to permit debris removal floor openings shall be protected by standard guard rails or railings constructed in accordance with § 3-02(j)(10) and (13) of these rules. No person shall be permitted access to within a horizontal distance of twenty feet from any opening through which debris is being dropped. Such covering shall be promptly replaced in position upon the ceasing of such work at the end of each work day.
Every opening not used for the removal of debris in any floor shall be solidly planked over. Openings in the top or working floor more than sixteen (16) inches in least dimension shall be protected on all sides, except the side at which debris is deposited, by a guard rail or railing, or the sides of the opening shall be roped off at a distance of not less than two (2) feet from the edge of the opening by not less than a one-half (1/2) inch diameter rope securely tied to provide a guard of a height equivalent to that provided by the railing.
Wherever men are employed in any work on a wall and a floor opening on the working floor is located immediately below the point at which such men are working there shall be provided a tight flooring not less than five (5) feet in width immediately adjacent to such wall.
(16) Demolition requiring scaffolds. Whenever workmen are engaged in the removal of any part of the building or structure, which part is more than twelve (12) feet above a floor, platform or the ground, there shall be provided for such workmen suitable scaffolds constructed in accordance with § 3-02(j)(3) "Scaffolds" or life-lines and safety-belts, or life-nets in accordance with § 3-02(e)(21) "Life-lines and Safety-belts or Life-nets".
(17) Catch platforms (§ C26-559.0).
(i) During the demolition of the exterior walls of a structure, originally more than seventy feet in height, catch platforms shall be erected along the street fronts and over public passageways. Such catch platforms shall be erected and maintained not more than three stories or 35 feet below the story from which the exterior walls are being removed until such demolition has progressed to within three stories of the ground level. They shall be constructed of planking laid close without openings between the planks or between the plank and the wall. The outside edge of the platforms shall be at least five feet horizontally from the wall of the structure and shall be higher than the inside edge. The supports shall consist of yellow pine or spruce outriggers three inches by twelve inches, placed on edge, and secured against turning, spaced not more than ten feet apart. Each outrigger shall have ample bearing on the structure and the inside end shall be adequately secured. The planking shall be at least two inches thick. Plank shall lap the supports at least one foot at each end or shall be secured to the supports to prevent displacement.
(ii) A fence of galvanized wire netting of at least No. 18 steel wire gauge and with mesh which will reject a ball five-eighths of an inch in diameter or of one inch boards laid close shall be provided along the outer edge and ends of the catch platform. Such fence shall be supported by substantial posts not more than ten feet apart, shall be pitched outward at an angle approximately forty-five degrees from the horizontal and shall be at least forty-six inches high, measured along the slope of the fence above the planking of the catch platform with which the fencing shall make a tight connection.
(iii) Catch platforms may be constructed of other materials and following other designs, if they provide strength and security from falling material equal to that provided by the details specified above, and are approved by the superintendent.
(iv) It shall be unlawful to use catch platforms for the storage of materials.
(18) Storage of material. Material shall not be stored on catch platforms, working platforms, floors or stairways of the building to be demolished, except that any one floor of a building may be used for the temporary storage of material when such floor is of such strength as to safely support the load to be super-imposed. Storage spaces shall not interfere with access to any stairway or passageway and suitable barricades shall be provided so as to prevent material from sliding or rebounding into any space used by the workmen or the public. All material shall be safely piled in such locations as will not interfere with any work nor present any hazard.
Combustible debris and waste material from demolition shall not be allowed to accumulate in any area of the demolition site. Combustible material and combustible waste material in excess of 15 cu. yds. shall be removed daily before the close of the day's work.
(19) Burning at site. No debris shall be burned at the site.
(20) Fire Protection and Fire Extinguishers. In structures undergoing demolition which have existing standpipe systems, such system shall be maintained as dry standpipes. When demolition is started, the standpipe risers shall be capped above the outlet on the floor immediately below the floor being demolished so as to maintain the standpipe system on all lower floors for Fire Department use. Standpipe hose, nozzles and spanners are not required to be maintained and may be removed at any time. Siamese hose connections shall be kept free from obstruction and shall be marked by a metal sign reading, "Standpipe Siamese Connection" and by a red light at night.
The standpipe system may be used for water supply necessary to demolition operations. In freezing weather such standpipe system shall be completely drained after use to prevent freezing. Existing standpipe system shall not be utilized to convey compressed air unless the standpipe system consists of two or more risers in which event one of the risers may be used to convey compressed air to any floor or portion of the premises upon application to and permission from the Fire Department.
In structures undergoing demolition which have existing sprinkler systems with Siamese hose connections, such system shall be maintained as a non-automatic sprinkler system. When demolition starts, the sprinkler risers shall be capped immediately below the floor being demolished so as to maintain the sprinkler system on all lower floors for Fire Department use. Siamese hose connections shall be kept free from obstruction and shall be marked by a metal sign reading "Sprinkler Siamese Connection" and by a red light at night.
At least one 40-gallon water cask with 4 buckets or one 2 1/2 gallon fire extinguisher shall be provided on each story for each 5,000 sq. ft. of floor area. In cold weather, extinguishers shall be of non-freezing type and water casks shall be provided with calcium chloride or other approved material to prevent freezing. In lieu of the water casks or extinguishers, a charged hose line may be provided on each floor. This hose line must be of sufficient length to reach all parts of the floor.
(j) Equipment. (1) Responsibility of employees and other persons for protection of the public and workmen. Where men are working on a scaffold with other men engaged above, the scaffold shall have a tight overhead covering of planking not less than two (2) inches in thickness or other material equivalent in strength and suitability as a protection to the men working on the scaffold. Where the type of work involved would render it hazardous and in lieu thereof may permit the catch platform at a higher level.
Runways or ladders shall be erected to platforms of scaffolds five (5) feet or more in height.
Every scaffold platform ten (10) feet or more above the ground or a floor, except platforms covering the entire floor space of a room within a building or the platforms of needle beam scaffolds or platforms on which the men working thereon are provided with life-lines and safety-belts in compliance with § 3-02(e)(21) "Life-lines and Safety-belts or Life-nets", shall be provided with a guard rail and a toeboard.
The guard rail may be of wood not less than 2" x 3" in cross-section, or other material of equal strength, properly secured at intervals of not more than ten (10) feet. The guard rail shall be not less than thirty-four (34) inches above the platform of the scaffold and shall extend the entire length of the scaffold. A toeboard not less than 1" x 8" in cross-section shall be provided or the space between the guard rail and the platform may be enclosed with a wire screen composed of not less than No. 18 Steel Wire Gauge with a one-half (1/2) inch mesh.
(2) Materials.
(i) Sizes and stresses of materials used for protection of the public and workmen (§ C26-556.0).
(A) The sizes mentioned in this subdivision (j) are minimum requirements, except that lumber sizes are nominal or commercial sizes before dressing. Where wood is specified in this subdivision (j), members of iron, steel or other material of equivalent strength, rigidity and suitability may be substituted.
(B) Where sizes are not specifically mentioned in this subdivision (j), the equipment and safeguards when of a temporary nature and not subjected to serious shock may be designed using such stresses as may be approved by the superintendent, but at most thirty-three percent above the stresses provided in this section for similar material when used in permanent structures.
(ii) Lumber and timber. All lumber and timber used for the construction of ladders, scaffolds, ramps, runways, railing and other safeguards, except where otherwise required in these rules shall be either Red, White or Sitka Spruce; Douglas Fir; Norway Pine; West Coast Hemlock or other woods equivalent in strength and suitability. All lumber and timber shall be sound and shall not contain defects such as ring shakes, large or loose knots or other defects which may materially impair the strength of the piece for the purpose for which it is to be used. Where sectional dimensions of lumber are given, lumber of different sectional dimensions may be used, if equivalent in strength and suitability.
Except for the dimensions of material given in § 3-02(j)(6) "Ladders", which are actual dimensions, all dimensions for lumber and timber in these rules are nominal or trade dimensions.
All lumber and timber shall be fastened at the various joints with sufficient nails or bolts of a suitable size to produce a secure joint, capable of withstanding the required load to be superimposed on same. Refer to Table II, Size and Number of Nails.
(3) Scaffolds.
(i) Construction and maintenance of equipment and safeguards (§ C26-555.0). All devices or equipment which are used in connection with the performance of work and regulated by this subdivision (j), shall be constructed, installed and maintained in a substantial manner and so operated as to give proper protection to persons and shall not be removed, altered, weakened, or rendered inoperative so long as they are needed or in use, except as provided in § C26-553.0, unless so ordered by a person in responsible charge of the operation.
(ii) Erection of scaffolds. Only skilled workmen shall be employed in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds. They shall work under the supervision of a competent superintendent or foreman who shall take such precautions as may be necessary to insure safety.
Every scaffold damaged or weakened from any cause shall be immediately repaired and workmen shall not be permitted to use the scaffold until such repairs have been completed. No scaffold shall be altered or removed while it is in use. Precautions shall be taken so that no material shall be delivered or stored upon a scaffold to such an extent as to overload or subject the scaffold to loads which it is not capable of supporting.
Barrels, boxes, piles of brick or stone or other unstable objects or material shall not be used for the support of scaffolds or the planking of scaffolds.
(4) Wood scaffolds. All lumber used in the construction of scaffolds shall be of spruce, Douglas Fir, long-leaf yellow pine, Oregon pine or other species of equivalent strength and durability. The material shall be sound; straight grained; free from cross grain, shakes, large, loose or dead knots or other defects which may impair its strength or durability.
All nails used in the construction of scaffolds, stages and supports shall be of ample size and length and used in sufficient quantities at each connection to fully develop the strength of each member in compliance with § 3-02(j)(2)(ii) "Lumber and Timber." All nails shall be driven full length.
(5) Pole scaffold requirements. Scaffold poles shall be plumb and shall foot on a foundation equivalent to that offered by planking not less than nine (9) inches in width and two (2) inches in thickness. The footing shall be secured against any lateral movement.
Where poles are spliced with wood cleats, the squared end of the upper section shall rest upon the squared end of the lower section and the two ends shall be fastened rigidly together with not less than two (2) wood cleats each not less than three (3) feet in length. The cleats shall be placed at right angles to each other and shall overlap the abutting ends of the pole equally and the combined sectional area of the cleats shall be not less than fifty (50) percent of the cross sectional area of the pole.
A put-log shall be located adjacent to each pole and shall be nailed or otherwise securely fastened to the pole or to the ledger on which it rests.
Pole scaffolds shall be firmly and adequately braced in such a manner as to preclude swaying or swinging away from the building. Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles from moving in a direction parallel with the wall. Diagonal bracing shall be so installed that every spliced section of every pole is connected with the adjacent poles.
Planking shall be laid with the edges close together so that the platform will be tight with no spaces through which tools or fragments of material may fall, except that on interior scaffolds, the platforms of which cover the entire room area, there may be provided a two (2) inch space between planking for ventilation purposes.
Where planks are butt end to end, parallel put-logs or bearers shall be provided not more than eight (8) inches apart so that one put-log or bearer will support the end of one plank and the other put-log or bearer, the end of the other plank.
Where platform planks over-lap, the ends of both the upper and lower planks shall over-lap the put-log or bearer by at least six (6) inches. Planking shall project over the end put-log not less than six (6) inches but not more than eighteen (18) inches. Inclined platform planking shall be nailed at each bearing.
When a new working level is desired, the old platform shall be left undisturbed until the new working level is framed. As the platform level is abandoned with the progress of the work, the bearers, put-logs and ledgers upon which the platform previously rested shall not be removed but shall be left in place to brace and stiffen the poles.
(i) Single pole scaffolds. Before any wood scaffold more than eighty (80) feet in height is erected, plans showing the design and the sizes of all structural members of such scaffold shall be submitted to the borough superintendent for his approval.
Every single pole scaffold shall be constructed with members of a size not less than that given in Table C, "Minimum Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds."
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Between toeboard and guard rail 1/2" wire mesh composed of No. 18 Steel Wire Gauge.
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Ledgers shall not be spliced between poles but shall over-lap the poles by at least four (4) inches. When put-logs or bearers are used and the ledgers are lapped, bearing-blocks shall be nailed to the poles to support the ledger.
All put-logs shall be set with the greater dimension vertical and shall be long enough to project beyond the outer edge of the poles by at least twelve (12) inches. Put-logs shall be supported on the ledger and located against the sides of the poles and nailed to either the pole or the ledger. The other end of the put-log shall rest in the wall of the building with at least a four (4) inch bearing and shall not be notched or cut down, except in "light duty" scaffolds.
Diagonal bracing shall be provided for the entire outside face of the scaffold.
(ii) Independent pole scaffolds. Before any wood scaffold more than eighty (80) feet in height is erected, plans showing the design and the sizes of all structural members of such scaffold shall be submitted to the borough superintendent for his approval.
Every independent pole scaffold shall be constructed with members of a size not less than that given in Table D, "Minimum Size Maximum Spacing of Members of Independent Pole-Scaffolds."
Ledgers shall not be spliced between poles but shall over-lap the poles by at least four (4) inches. When put-logs or bearers are used and the ledgers are lapped, bearing blocks shall be nailed to the pole to support the ledger.
Bearers shall be set with their greater dimensions vertical and long enough to project over the ledgers beyond the outer row of poles by at least twelve (12) inches and beyond the inner row of poles by at least two (2) inches. Bearers shall be supported on the ledgers and located against the sides of the poles and nailed to the poles.
Diagonal bracing shall be provided for the entire outside face of the scaffold and for the entire inside face, except that on working levels such diagonal bracing on the inside face may be omitted.
Free standing independent pole scaffolds shall have a minimum base dimension of not less than twenty-five (25) percent of the height of the scaffold.
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Between toeboard and guard rail 1/2" wire mesh composed of No. 18 Steel Wire Gauge.
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(iii) Outrigger scaffolds. Outrigger scaffolds shall have heavy timber outriggers not less than 3 inches x 10 inches set on edge projecting through the wall or window opening not more than six (6) feet from the face of the building, with the inner end extending into the building and securely fastened in place and braced to prevent tipping or turning. Outriggers shall be spaced not more than ten (10) feet on centers. The platform shall be constructed of planks not less than 2 inches x 9 inches securely nailed to the outriggers and laid tight except that a three (3) inch gap along the wall of the building may be permitted. The ends of the planks shall not project more than eighteen (18) inches beyond the outrigger.
Every outrigger scaffold shall be provided with a standard railing and toeboard, § 3-02(j)(13). The uprights for the standard railing shall be securely braced to the outrigger. The space between the toeboard and the railing shall be filled in with a wire screen composed of not less than No. 18 Steel Wire Gauge with a one-half (1/2) inch mesh.
(iv) Swinging scaffolds. The platform of every swinging scaffold shall be not less than twenty (20) inches nor more than thirty (30) inches in width. Each end of the platform shall be supported by a steel or iron stirrup or hanger formed to support the platform and shall have a loop to support the guard rail and a loop or eye at the top for securing the supporting hook on the block. The hanger or stirrup shall be placed not less than six (6) inches nor more than eighteen (18) inches from the end of the platform.
The guard rails shall be of wood not less than 2 x 3 in. cross-section or of other material of such size and shape as to provide equivalent strength and rigidity. The guard rail shall be not less than thirty-four (34) inches nor more than forty-eight (48) inches above the platform, shall be properly supported at intervals of not more than ten (10) feet and shall extend for the full length of the platform. A toeboard not less than 1 x 4 in. cross-section shall be provided on the outside edge of the platform.
The supporting hooks or roof-irons shall be of steel or wrought iron not less than seven-eighths (7/8) inch in diameter, or the equivalent, and shall be securely anchored during use. Plow steel cable not less than one-half (1/2) inch in diameter or the equivalent shall connect the upper block to the supporting hook or roof iron.
Where rope is used for the support of the swinging scaffolds, it shall be not less than three-quarters (3/4) inch in diameter, first quality unspliced Manila rope, or its equivalent in strength and suitability. Rope suspended scaffolds shall not be permitted for or near any work where acid is used or where the upper block is more than one hundred (100) feet above the platform. Rope suspended swinging scaffolds shall be limited to light duty use.
Every swinging scaffold, the platform of which is more than one hundred (100) feet below the upper supporting block, shall be equipped with an approved device to raise, lower and hold the scaffold in position. The upper supporting block on all swinging scaffolds shall be secured with a shackle.
All ropes, cable, blocks, slings, hangers and other supporting parts shall be capable of safely sustaining the loads to which they will be subjected with a factor of safety of four (4).
All ropes, slings and cable shall be tested after every installation and before any workman is permitted on the scaffold and every ten (10) days thereafter if the scaffold is in use continuously. A record of such test shall be kept, such record to specify the time and place of the test.
The platforms of swinging scaffolds shall be lashed or secured to hold them in position and to prevent their swaying from the building. Rollers or fenders may be used to prevent the scaffold from marring the face of the building.
Two (2) or more swinging scaffolds shall not be combined into one (1) by bridging the distance between them with planks or with any other form of construction. Not more than two (2) men shall be permitted to work on any swinging scaffold at any one time.
The platform of every swinging scaffold shall be one of the three following types:
(A) the ladder type, consisting of boards upon a horizontal ladder the sides of which are parallel,
(B) the plank type, consisting of planks supported on the stirrups or hangers, or
(C) the beam type, consisting of longitudinal side stringers, with cross beams set on edge and spaced not more than four (4) feet apart on which the longitudinal platform planks are laid.
(v) Ladder type platforms-type 1. The side stringers of the horizontal supporting ladder shall be of clear spruce or other material equivalent in strength and durability. The rungs shall be of straight grained oak, ash or hickory not less than one and one-eighth (1 1/8) inches in diameter with seven-eighths (7/8) inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least seven-eighths (7/8) of an inch. The stringers shall be tied together with tie rods not less than one-quarter (1/4) inch in diameter located not more than five (5) feet apart passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against washers at both ends.
The platform shall be of sufficient width to fill the space between the sides of the ladder and shall be securely fastened to the hangers by U-bolts passing around the hangers and bolted up tight or by other equivalent means. The ladder type platform shall be constructed in accordance with the schedule listed in Table E, "Schedule for Ladder Type Platforms."
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(vi) Plank type platforms-type 2. Plank platforms shall be composed of planks of uniform thickness and such planks shall be not less than two (2) inches in thickness and eight (8) inches in width. The planks shall extend not less than six (6) inches nor more than eighteen (18) inches beyond the supporting hangers and a bar shall be nailed across the platform on the underside at each end to prevent the platform from slipping off the hanger. Where two (2) or more planks are used they shall be fastened together by cleats not less than 1 inch x 6 inches nailed on the underside at intervals of not more than four (4) feet. Planks shall not be spliced. The clear span of the platform planks between supports shall not exceed ten (10) feet.
(vii) Beam type platforms-type 3. Beam platforms shall have side stringers of straight grained lumber not less than 2 inches x 6 inches set on edge. The stringers shall be supported on the stirrups or hangers and the clear span between hangers shall not exceed sixteen (16) feet. The ends of the stringers shall extend beyond the hangers not less than six (6) inches nor more than eighteen (18) inches and shall be bolted to the hangers by U-bolts passing around the hangers and bolted to the stringers.
The platform shall be supported on 2 inch x 6 inch cross beams cut in between the side stringers, securely nailed thereto, and spaced not more than four (4) feet on centers. The platform shall be framed of material not less than 1 inch x 6 inches nailed tight together and extended to the outside face of the stringers. The ends of all platform boards shall rest on the cross beams and shall be securely nailed.
(viii) Suspended scaffolds. Suspended scaffolds shall be equipped with an approved hoisting machine of either the platform or overhead type securely fastened either to the bearers or to the outrigger as the design warrants. The outrigger shall be equivalent in strength to a standard 7-inch 15.3 lb. steel I-beam; shall be not less than fifteen (15) feet in length and shall be securely anchored to the building by U-bolts and anchor plates or by beam-clamp connections or by other equally effective methods. The outrigger shall project not more than six (6) feet, six (6) inches beyond the bearing point unless the outriggers are doubled or increased in size proportionally. The spacing between outriggers shall not exceed ten (10) feet.
Outriggers shall be set with the web in a vertical position and the platforms shall be supported by steel wire cables not less than one-half (1/2) inch in diameter which shall be securely fastened to the outriggers by steel shackles or by other equally effective means. The other ends of the steel suspension cables shall be securely attached to the hoisting machines.
The shackles supporting the outside cable of every suspended scaffold shall be placed not more than six (6) feet from the bearing of the outrigger and the shackles supporting the inner cable shall be placed not more than two (2) feet beyond the bearing point of the outrigger.
The platforms shall be limited to eight (8) feet in width. The platform plank shall be not less than one and one-quarter (1 1/4) inches in thickness for a six (6) foot span or two (2) inches in thickness for a ten (10) foot span. Such planking shall be laid tight; shall be securely fastened to the bearers and shall overlap the supporting bearers at each end of the scaffold by not more than eighteen (18) inches. Each platform bearer shall be of steel equivalent in strength to that offered by a pair of 2 x 2 x 3/16 standard angles.
The outside edge of the platform shall be protected by a guard rail and railing as provided for in § 3-02(j)(13). The space between the toeboard and the railing shall be filled with wire netting formed of No. 18 Steel Wire Gauge with a one-half (1/2) inch mesh.
An overhead protection shall be provided for all suspended scaffolds. This overhead protection shall consist of planking not less than two (2) inches in thickness, placed at a height of not more than ten (10) feet above the working platform and maintained at all times while men are at work on the scaffold.
Substantial strap-iron hooks or other effective means shall be employed to prevent the scaffold from swaying away from the structure.
(ix) Horse scaffolds. Horse scaffolds shall be limited to three (3) tiers of horses or a total height of not more than fourteen (14) feet. Horses shall be made of sound, straight-grain material, rigidly braced, having members of a size not less than those given in the following schedule:
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All horse scaffolds shall be set on substantial and level foundations equivalent to that afforded by planking not less than two (2) inches in thickness. Horses shall be spaced not more than six (6) feet apart for heavy duty scaffolds, not more than eight (8) feet apart for regular duty scaffolds, and not more than ten (10) feet apart for light duty scaffolds. Planks shall be laid with their edges close together and so arranged that the planks cannot tip or cause the horses to spread.
Where successive rows of horses are used, each horse shall be placed directly above the horse in the tier below. On all horse scaffolds more than one (1) row in height, the planks shall be nailed to the horses and the legs of the horses shall be nailed to the planks on which they rest.
Where horse scaffolds are erected on an outrigger scaffold platform, the platform shall be of sufficient width to permit the horses to stand squarely upon it. Every horse erected on an outrigger scaffold shall be directly above the outrigger and shall have its legs nailed to the platform plank and the planking forming the platforms shall be nailed to the backs of the horses.
(x) Carpenters' bracket scaffolds. Carpenters' bracket scaffolds shall be limited to light duty use and shall be constructed of triangular framed portable brackets and platforms of planks. The brackets shall be of metal or of straight-grained dressed material not less than 2 inch x 3 inch mortised together and bolted. The supporting bolt shall be not less than five-eighths (5/8) inch in diameter, securely fastened to the bracket, and of sufficient length to extend wel